that they over came from the north, or that
they spread further northward than the
Rio Grande valley and the accessible
branches of the San Juan river. In these
two territories—together, equal in size to
France—only five small remnants of this
once powerful nation remain at the present
time. These are:

1. The Pueblo Indians of the Rio Grande
valley; population, 5866.

2. The Indians of Zuñi, situated about
latitude 35 deg., longitude 108 deg. 50 min.,
with a population at present of 1200 souls.

3. The Indians of the seven Moqui
pueblos, situated about 150 miles north-
west of Zuñi; population, 2500.

4. The Pimas of the Gila valley occupy
eight villages, and number 3500.

5. The Papago Indians of the region
south of it, which occupy about nineteen
villages, and number about 4000 in all.

Most of the above villages are in the
main valley. Others, such as the Pueblos
de Toas, Laguna, Acoma, San Domingo,
and others, occupy isolated positions on
some of the tributary streams. The
villages in the Rio Grande valley differ but
little from those of the Mexicans, except
that the houses are larger and loftier. They
are usually of only one story, but each
house is able to contain several families;
the roofs are flat, and at different corners
of the village watch-towers rise above the
roofs. In the centre of the chief house
in the village, a good-sized room, partly
formed by excavation into the earth, is
usually to be found. This is the estufa, or
place of worship, where the sacred fire was
always to be kept burning, and where all
religious services used to be held before the
Indians became Christians; now it is used
in most villages only as a council chamber,
but Colonel M'Leod, of Santa Fé, assures
me that in some places the sacred fire is
still kept burning, and that on one occasion
he was permitted to visit an estufa where
it still exists. Each pueblo has a separate
government of its own, consisting, first, of
a cacique, or governor, chosen out of the
men advanced in years—the sages, in fact.
The cacique holds office for life, he presides
over the council, and is chosen for his
wisdom. His decisions are usually adopted.
Secondly, a war captain is selected from
amongst the braves, who arranges all
campaigns made against an enemy, and through
his lieutenant—or master of the horse, as
we should call him—has the management
of the nahallada, or horse-herd. Third, the
fiscal and his assistants regulate church
matters, repair the churches, &c. The old
and experienced men collectively are the
law-makers, and elect all officers except the
cacique, who is chosen by universal
suffrage. The people of the villages do not
all speak the same tongue, and they resort
to the Spanish language, which they speak
with tolerable facility as a common medium
of communication. The Pueblos form four
groups, if classed according to dialects.

1. Pueblo de Toas, de Picuries, Sandia,
Isleta.

2. San Juan, Santa Clara, San
Ildefonso, Nanibé de Pojuaque, Tezuque.

3. Cochité, San Domingo, San Felipe,
Santa Ava, Silla (Zia), La Laguna,
Acoma.

4. Jemes.

The people of Zuñi speak a fifth dialect.
Those of the Moqui pueblos speak the same
as that of Jemes. The Spanish missionaries