before they gave in, the advantage has
been on the side of the settlers against the
Navajos, he assures me that there are at
the present time not less than two thousand
captives in the hands of the Mexicans, who,
of course, profess to bring them up, and to
take care of them as members of their
families and households. As regards the
present condition of the Indians on the
Bosque reservation, I cannot do better than
give a quotation from the report of Colonel
A. B. Norton (superintendent of Indian
affairs in New Mexico), for the year 1866:

"At Fort Sumner they have about
two thousand five hundred acres of land
under cultivation, mostly in Indian corn,
with an admirable system of irrigation.
The water, however, is very poor in quality,
and wood so scarce, that it has to be hauled
from twenty- five to thirty miles to the post,
while the mezquite root, the only wood used
by them for fuel, must soon give out.
Add to this that the Comanches make
constant raids upon them, to within a few
miles of the fort, and as they are very little
able to protect themselves, this adds still
more to their discontent. Of the state of
health and morals of these Navajos, the
hospital reports give a woful account.
The tale is not half told, because they
have such an aversion to the hospital that
but few of those taken sick will ever go
there, and so they are fast diminishing in
numbers; while the births are many, the
deaths are more. Discontent fills every
breast of this brave and light-hearted tribe,
and a piteous cry comes from all as they
think of their own far-off lands, 'Carry
me back, carry me back!'"

While the Navajos spread terror and
desolation through the north and east of New
Mexico, the Apaches followed the same
system of plunder in the southern part of
the state, and throughout the greater part
of Arizona and northern Sonora; with this
great difference, that among the former
booty was the only object, and they spared
life unless resistance were offered; but with
the latter, war to the death was, and still
is, the undeviating practice. In battle the
Navajo never stoops to scalp his fallen
enemy, and many acts of true generosity
are related of him; but the cowardly
Apache creeps upon his victim like a snake
in the grass; if he can capture him he
invariably tortures him to death, but otherwise
he scalps and mutilates him in the
most horrible manner, and has never been
known to show one trace of humanity or
good faith.

Several independent though kindred
tribes are rightly classed under the term
Apaches; the following table gives their
names, the localities in which they are
usually encountered, and the probable
population of each.

All the Mogollon bands are still at large.
They mostly inhabit the vast region formed
of lofty table-lands and mountain ranges
in which the head waters of the Rio Gila
rise; and from these fastnesses, still
unexplored, they have for ages been making
raids upon their more civilised neighbours
on all sides of them.

It is only necessary here to say a few
words about the remaining sub-tribes—the
Coyoteros, Pinals, and Tontos. Very little
is known about themselves, far too much
about their ravages. Their numbers are
very variously estimated, but the general
belief is that they are not numerous. They
occupy the centre of the Apache country,
and the few attempts as yet made to "clear
them out" have resulted in complete failure.
The commander at Camp Grant told
me that two years ago he made a raid