yoke, nor to let the fire burn out in the
estufa; for when the time came in when
the tree should fall, men with pale faces
would pour into the land from the east and
overthrow their oppressors, and he himself
would return to build up his kingdom; the
earth would again become fertile, and the
mountains yield abundance of silver and
gold. Then Montezuma departed and
travelled southward, spreading pueblos far
and wide, until he reached the city of
Mexico, where he lived until the enemy, in
the form of the Spaniards, arrived, when he
disappeared." The pueblo Indians say that
Montezuma's prophecy has been literally
fulfilled. Soon after Montezuma returned
to the Great Spirit, the enemy, in the form
of Spaniards, came, conquered, and enslaved
them. Although they could not shake off
the oppressors, still they kept the holy fire
burning, and tried to dwell in peace with
all men. The Spaniards added many
buildings to the town, and lived there
amongst them until about the middle of
the last century, when the wild Indians of
the mountains attacked and desolated Pecos,
driving away and murdering its inhabitants.
Nevertheless, amidst the havoc and plunder
of the place, a faithful few amongst the
Indians managed to keep the fire burning
in the estufa, until at last the deliverers,
with " pale faces, poured in from the east,"
and the tree at Pecos fell to the ground as
the American army entered Santa Fé". Then
the remnant of the tribe, which in 1808 only
numbered one hundred and thirty-five souls,
left the ruined fortress, and brought the
sacred fire with them to the pueblo of Jemez,
to which place their companions had migrated
years before. Here they were kindly received
by the Indians of that pueblo, who helped
them to build acequias and houses, and to
sow and gather in their crops; droughts no
longer desolated the land, but copious
showers still bring wealth and happiness to
the chosen people of the great prince.

The ruins of Quarra consist, like those of
Pecos, of a church, a large Aztec building,
now a heap of stones and rubbish, and
numerous foundations of smaller houses,
probably of Spanish or Mexican origin.
The church is built of red sandstone, in the
form of a cross; the length of nave and
chancel is a hundred and forty feet, that
of the transept is fifty feet; the widths
respectively are thirty-three to eighteen feet;
the walls are two feet thick and sixty feet
high.

At Abo there is also a ruined church,
cruciform in shape, the arms being respectively
twenty-seven and a hundred and
twenty-nine feet; it is built of small,
beautifully cut stones, placed together with the
utmost nicety. Other extensive ruins are
scattered around it.

At Gran Quivera, there are extensive
ruins of Spanish buildings, having the arms
of different families; but there are other
ruins, undoubtedly of Indian origin, which
fully carry out the statement of the
historian Venegas and others, that this ancient
pueblo was a large fortress, consisting of
seven terraces, rising in steps one from the
other. The remains of large acequias are
to be seen in the vicinity both of Gran
Quivera and Quarra. So much for the
ruins of the Rio Grande basins.

There are not, to my knowledge, any
ruined pueblos as far north as the main
valley of the Rio San Juan, but there are
several upon its two most southern
tributaries, the Rio de Chelly and the Canon
de Chaco. The most remarkable are the
Pueblos Pintado, Una Vida, Wegegi,
Hungo Pavie, and Bonito—all on the latter
stream. Besides these, there are five others
in a more ruined state. The Pueblo
Pintado has three stories, its whole elevation
being about thirty feet. The walls are
built of small flat slabs of grey, fine-grained
sandstone, two inches and a half thick, and
are put together with much art and
ingenuity by means of a kind of mortar made
without lime. At a distance they have the
appearance of mosaic work. The thickness
of the outer wall of the first story is one
yard at the base, diminishing at each
successive story, until the top wall scarcely
exceeds one foot. There are, as usual, no
external openings in the ground floor. The
length of the edifice is three hundred and
ninety feet; the ground floor contains
fifty-three rooms, which open into each other by
means of very small doors, in many
instances only thirty-three inches square.
The floors are made of rough beams, over
which cross-beams are laid, and above all
is a coating of bark and brushwood covered
over with mortar. The wood appears to
have been cut with some blunt instrument.

The ruins of Wegegi are similar to those
of Pintado, being six hundred and ninety
feet in length, and having ninety-nine rooms
on the ground floor. The Pueblo Una Vida
is no less than nine hundred and eighty-four
feet long, and the Pueblo Bonito is still
more extensive. The estufa of the latter is
very large, and in a fair state of preservation;
it is a hundred and eighty feet in
circumference, and the walls are regularly