some will be erroneous through design; we may
be pretty sure, for example, that the holders of
overcrowded lodging-houses in the worst part of
St. Giles's, and other such town districts, will
have an eye to the law in relation to their
pockets, and will secure an under-statement of
the numbers asleep under their roof. Then
there will be errors through necessity.
Persons engaged in more than one occupation will
return only their leading occupation. Thus,
many farmers are at the same time innkeepers,
maltsters, millers, even shoemakers and
blacksmiths; very many land-proprietors must be
returned under other heads, and so forth. But
the rough estimate obtained—every man being
careful to give the truest return in his power—
is accurate enough for any useful purpose. At
the last census it appeared that there were, in
England and Wales, apart from Ireland and
Scotland, about two millions and a half of
traders, two million engaged in agriculture, a
million and a half occupied in manufactures, a
million of servants out of a little more than
eight millions of workers: leaving out of
account the more than nine million and a half of
unclassified women and children. The whole
population of England and Wales was at
the last census something under eighteen
millions.

In fourteen thorough farming counties, such
as Bedford, Hertford, Suffolk, it was found
that nearly one in two of the grown men were
engaged in cultivation of the earth. The county
in which the proportion of men engaged in
agriculture is the smallest, setting aside London,
is Lancashire, where not more than about one
man in ten is occupied with agriculture. Fishermen
were not found to be very numerous.
Penzance was the place at which they bore the
greatest proportion to the rest of the community;
but even there, not one in ten adult men
was a fisherman. At Yarmouth it was only one
such man in sixteen who lived by fishing.

Among traders, the bakers yielded curious
returns. In many towns and districts every
housewife is her own bread-maker. So, we find
the proportion of bakers in London (where
there were about ten thousand) ten times
greater than that in all Wales. In all Wales
there were not five hundred bakers; in the
Cardigan district there was not one. In
proportion to the numbers of the people there are
eight bakers in London for every one in Leeds;
but confectioners, who live almost wholly in
towns, are more favoured by the north than by
the south. In proportion, again, to the population,
if the number of pastrycooks be a true
sign, York eats five times as many tarts as
London. Again, illustrative of local reasons for
the flourishing of given trades, is the fact that
in all Wales there were only fifty greengrocers,
while London employed three thousand three
hundred and twenty-five. But Wales, as
compared with London, contained three times as
many millers and maltsters. Of licensed
victuallers and beershop-keepers, London had only
an average proportion. The number, as
compared with the rest of the surrounding population,
was found to be greatest in purely agricultural,
and least in mining districts; greatest
in Cambridge, Huntingdon, Hertford; least in
Northumberland, Durham, and Cornwall. Brewers
abound, and abound most at Burton. There,
one adult man in every twenty-three helps to
make beer.

As the brewers gather themselves together
about Burton, so do the shoemakers throng in
Northampton: where one man out of every three
makes shoes. In the whole districts including
Northampton, Wellingborough, Thrapston,
&c., one in five of the men and one in eight of
the women are engaged in shoemaking. Next
to Northampton comes Stafford, as the
shoemakers' own town. In the Stafford district
one man in five and one woman in ten lived by
shoemaking, and the proportion was high in
adjacent places, more especially in Stone and
Nantwich. In Norwich, again, one man in ten,
and one woman in fourteen, make shoes. ln
London there is a special gathering of
shoemakers in Shoreditch and Bethnal-green.

Very remarkable in this way is the straw hat
and bonnet making commonwealth of Luton
and St. Albans, but especially of Luton, where
one woman in every two or three was found to
be a straw hat and bonnet maker. Again, there
is the noticeable gathering of clothiers in the
West Riding of Yorkshire, and of patten and
clog makers in Lancashire. As a general rule,
it appears that Englishmen are more ready to
live with a short supply of tailors than of
shoemakers. We need not comment on the fact
that nearly half the paper-stainers and paper-
hangers of England and Wales live by their
trade among the houses of London. And in
London there are special trade districts. Cabinet-
makers and chairmakers abound most in
Shoreditch, Bethnal-green, St. Luke's, Clerkenwell,
Pancras, and Marylebone (but the especial
seat of chairmakers is the Wycombe district, in
Buckinghamshire); organ-builders are most
numerous in St. Pancras; leather-workers in
Bermondsey, where their actual number is two
thousand above the fifty which would be their
number if they kept the usual London proportion.
We need hardly say that the returns of
milliners and washerwomen showed the direct
influence of wealth and fashion on these callings.
The highest proportion of washerwomen found
in any town at the last census, was at Brighton:
where every fifteenth woman was a washerwoman.
In Bath, of every fifteen women one
was a washerwoman, and another a milliner.
In North Wales, only one woman in a hundred
is a washerwoman. Domestic washing days are
the rule. In Leeds there is only one washerwoman
among every fifty-two women. In London,
of every twenty-two women one earned her
living as a washerwoman, and one was a
milliner.

Domestic servants form a very large class,
and its distribution also corresponded of course
to the distribution of wealth. In Bath, one
man in sixteen, and a fourth part of all the