east. In the west was also another great water,
called Oldborne."*
* See "Underground London," All the Year
Round, vol. v. page 114.

Langboume Ward has taken its name from
a long bourne of sweet water, which formerly
broke out in the fens about Fenchurch-street,
ran down that street along Lombard-street to
the west end of St. Mary Woolnoth's Church,
where, turning south, and breaking into small
shares, rills, or streams, it left the name of
Shareborne-lane implanted in the City.

"There were three principal fountains or
wels," continues Stow, "in the other suburbs:
to wit, Holywell, Clement's Well, and Clerke's
Well. Neare unto this last fountaine were
divers others wells: to wit, Skinner's Well,
Fag's Well, Tode Well, Loder's Well, and
Radwell." The Clerk's Well, as we stated in our
Sewer papers, has been dry for many years—an
unsightly ruin of bricks and mud; and now
even the iron tablet which marked its site has
been taken away by the authorities of Clerkenwell.
It stood in Ray-street, near the Sessions'
House, and near where the Underground Railway
is now passing. If the waters of this well
had been in existence, there is every prospect
that this new undertaking would have drawn
them off, as a clause in the act of parliament
provides that the railway company shall
compensate all parishes for the destruction of any
wells which they may pass through.

In West Smithfield, in the old days, there was
a pool called Horsepool, and another near to the
parish church of St. Giles's, Cripplegate,
besides many smaller springs and wells throughout
the City.

When the streams and wells became partially
dried up or exhausted in course of time, and
the number of citizens, as our historian phrases
it, "mightily increased," they were forced to
seek for waters at some little distance.

"The first cisterne of lead," continues Stow,
"castellated with stone in the city of London, was
called the great conduit, in Westcheap, which
was begun to be builded in the yeare 1235."
The water was brought from Paddington, and
according to Mr. Matthews, in his Hydraulia, it
is the first known attempt to supply London
with water by means of leaden pipes. Though
the execution of the Westcheap conduit scheme
was commenced in 1235, the following year
another transaction took place, which displays
the great attention bestowed upon the supply of
water at that period. It was recorded that some
merchants of Amiens, Nele, and Corby, being
solicitous to obtain the privilege of landing and
housing wood, &c., actually purchased it from
the lord mayor and citizens for the consideration
of a yearly payment of fifty marks, and the
donation of one hundred pounds towards the
expense of the operations then going on for
conveying water from "Tyborne" to the City. This
important undertaking originated in a grant
from Gilbert de Sandford to the corporation,
enabling them, with the assistance of the
citizens, to lay down a leaden pipe from six
fountains or wells at Tybourne. It is doubtful
how far the pipe extended towards the City.
Stow says, "In 1432 Tybourne water was laid
into the Standard, Cheapside, at the expense of
Sir John Wells, mayor; and likewise in 1438,
by another lord mayor, Sir William Eastfield,
from Tybourne to Fleet-street and Aldermanbury."

The Tybourne brook, which had a large share
in furnishing these town water supplies, is now,
as my teacher in the fields told me, the King's
Scholars' Pond sewer, which we have lately been
surveying.

This sewer, according to Mr. Cunningham,
takes its name from a pond which once stood on
the borders of the river a little below Chelsea.
Before it became a main sewer, it was a brook
or bourne, called Tybourne, also Ay-brook, and
Eye-brook, and famous for giving a title to the
village of Tyburn. The brook had its source at
West-end, Hampstead; and, after receiving
many tributary streamlets, it ran due south
across Oxford-street, near Stratford-place, by
Lower Brook-street and Hay-hill, through
Lansdowne Gardens, down Half-Moon-street,
and through the hollow of Piccadilly into the
Green Park. There it expanded into a large
pond, from whence it ran past the present
Buckingham Palace in three distinct branches
into the Thames. Rosamond's Pond in St.
James's Park, filled up in 1770, was partly
supplied by its waters. When Tyburn Church was
rebuilt, it was dedicated to the Virgin, by the
name of St. Mary-le-bourne, because it stood on
the borders of the stream; and hence we get
the present corrupted names of Marylebone,
Marrowbone, and Marie-la-bonne.

Though the conduits were supplied freely by
these country brooks, the public had not free
access to all the conduits. One citizen, a wax-
chandler in Fleet-street, who had secretly pierced
a conduit within the ground in 1479, and so
conveyed the water into his cellar, was tried and
convicted, and condemned to ride through the
City with a conduit upon his head.

The rules and regulations concerning the
conduits, with the prices of water, are preserved for
us in some old Ludgate parochial documents,
quoted by Malcolm: "January, 1585, it was
agreed in vestry that there shall be three water-
bearers and no more, and they all to be men,
and not any of their wives nor servants; and
they shall deliver seven tankards of water, winter
and summer (so that the tankards be six gallons
apiece), for twopence [our water now costs
about a farthing for the same quantity]; and
that they shall carry no water to any person
dwelling out of the parish; and also that if any
of them set out any tub or tubs (as heretofore
they have done) to the annoyance of the street,
every such person shall be disabled and debarred
to carry any water from the conduit." . . . .
"Also, it is ordered and agreed by a vestry
holden the 12th day of January, in the thirtieth
year of our Sovereign Lady Queen Elizabeth, that
no manner of servant, nor no water-bearer, shall