and scrubbing-brush, will be requisite for
every steerage or intermediate passenger
in private ships. The hammer and tacks,
with a few yards of list, are most useful.
It must be remembered that at sea everything
not made fast with cords or nails rolls
about.

Luggage should be divided thus: First—
Not Wanted on Voyage; and so marked in
large letters, packed in sound, watertight
cases or barrels. Second—Wanted on Voyage;
so marked, and will be hauled on deck, for
which cording or handle is needful, about
once every fortnight. Third—For Use in
Cabin or Berth; for this last purpose, a bag
of leather, or two small boxes easily lifted,
will be found most convenient.

As to ships and stores, we may state that
good ships sail from all our ports, and bad
ones. First see that the ship is classed in
Lloyd's Register A 1, or at any rate not
lower than Æ in red ink; or, as it is called,
the red diphthong. Ships not so classed
may be fit for dry or damp cargoes, but not
for live souls. There is no especial advantage
in a very large ship over a moderate
size—say from five hundred to seven hundred
tons register—if there be a height of not
less than six feet between decks, seven feet
being better. Ships are sometimes advertised
so many tons burthen, instead of
register; this is a mere clap-trap deception.
Tons burthen refer to cargoes of coal, or
ore packed in bulk; tons register are the
measurement affecting live freight. The next
point is ventilation. Taking a berth in a
ship to Australia is like taking apartments
with no exit for four months. No man would
consent to live for four months in a room
without a window, and without a chimney
for the escape of foul air. Many fine ships
go to sea with passengers, whose berths
have no windows; that is to say, in sea language,
scuttles opening upon them, and no
airpipes, so that when the hatchways are shut
down, in rough weather, the passengers stand
the risk of being, if not quite stifled, half
poisoned.

By a very simple contrivance at a trifling
expense, pipes may be and are in some ships,
arranged to bring in the pure air and carry
off the foul air of two hundred souls, eating,
drinking, and sleeping "down stairs," as ladies
call the 'tween decks. Attention to this
point is essential to the health of passengers,
but especially to that of young children
—and young children are great incentives to
emigration. Ships carrying Patent Fuel and
other foul cargoes, are not healthy for
intermediate passengers—as proved by an arrival
last year in Adelaide of a ship-load of sick
passengers.

As to provisions, there is the greatest
possible difference, and the passengers must trust
much to the respectability of the ship-owners
and to competition. For from twenty to
twenty-five pounds, something equal to the
following ought to be supplied, all of the best
quality:—

Weekly Dietary Scale for each Full-Grown Person.

A written engagement with the broker is
advisable, specifying the name of ship; date at
which it is to sail from London and Plymouth,
or other port; the exact berth or cabin; and
the scale of provisions, and the quantity of
luggage allowed, exclusive of the space in the
cabin or berth, which ought not to be charged
for. All this, if settled with a respectable
broker, will save many disputes. Parties have
been put to much expense by being
compelled to stay, day after day, at the port of
embarcation at an hotel or lodging, after
the date fixed by advertisement for the sailing
of the ship. The amount of luggage
allowed each passenger is calculated by
superficial feet, a mysterious mode of measurement
to the uninitiated. Some brokers include in
the allowance of luggage that carried in the
cabin:—a most unjustifiable charge, under
which a gentleman lately found a man in his
cabin measuring not only his cot and violin-
case, but his packets of lamp candles.

It is as well to visit the ship before any of
your baggage is sent on board, and see that
all is as agreed upon; persons going on board
at the last moment have found their chosen
berths in the possession of a stranger, and
themselves condemned to a sort of Black-hole,
without air or light. Second class and
steerage passengers should see that they
have some room for exercise after the cabin
passengers and cargo have been attended to.
In some ships no space is left. An airy
cabin for a hospital is an essential point.

Among extra stores for comfort on the
voyage, it is well to name effervescing
powders, a few pickles, a bottle of really good
lime juice (that usually supplied to emigrants
is horrible stuff), a few boxes of sardines or
anchovies or potted herrings, and a little tea
and sugar of the best quality, for use when