Culloden was followed by the roads of General
Wade. Laws, justly and firmly administered,
gave tranquillity, opened up markets, and
created commerce ; and thus men of
intelligence and capital were tempted to settle
in regions that were considered then, as
barbarous as the American backwoods. The
highland proprietors — whose strength had
once been counted in men, and afterwards
in the cattle which they sent wholesale (as
Hungarian and Australian proprietors now
do) to distant fairs — imitated the southern
landlords, and sought tenants who would pay
in money instead of in kind. With such
tenants came the implements of the south,
and the southern notions of improvement in
live stock. The principles which had been
applied to English cattle, were applied to
Scotch cattle with a degree of success which
has long been known in the English markets.
In sheep the changes were as great as in
cattle. The original black-faced highland
sheep of which a singular parallel exists
in the Hungarian upright spiral-horned
breed, was improved in shape, and spread
over mountains, where previously black
cattle starved ; and the black sheep itself
was superseded, on superior pastures, by
the more profitable but less hardy Cheviot.
Representatives of these highland tribes and
colonists were all in Paris, the results of
large well-cultivated farms, of great crops of
turnips, oats, and even wheat ; representing
the capital and the implements ; the work of
the intelligent farmers and labourers ; a
thriving commerce in agricultural produce,
and an enormous consumption of manufactures
in districts, which, during the "forty-
five," the Court of Versailles justly considered
as the miserable haunts of warlike
savages.

Are the Hungarian, Gallician and Bohemian
proprietors wise enough to study the
history of the rise of Scotch agriculture?—
Will the Austrian government learn that
something more than an importation of live
stock is required to turn millions of acres of
waste into productive, tax-paying farms?
Such profitable transformations have never
been made without liberty of speech, liberty
of religion, and liberty of trade, nor without
liberty of communication and fair competition.

We did not linger in the British department
of the Paris Exhibition, because it was
an old familiar story. It was pleasant to see
among the sturdy, tall, broad-shouldered,
brown-faced visitors from England, Scotland,
and Ireland, hale, hearty, iron-grey Watson
of Keilor, enjoying the triumph of the polled
Angus, which he found forty years ago the
cotter's cow ; and which, by following out the
principles of Bakewell and Collings, he has
made the prime favourite of the best of old
judges — the London butchers. In the same
time he has helped and succeeded in
naturalising the Short horn and the South down
in the north of Scotland ; and has welcomed
every great chemical and mechanical
improvement.

The intelligent observer would remark of
the British department that the progress of
improvement had reduced British breeds
considered worth cultivating, to a few which
had superseded a number of local favourites ;
and next, that British farmers, unlike the
French, did not adhere to provincial breeds,
but indifferently fed the best they could buy
according to market price. Even Ireland
renounced her nationality — a most hopeful
sign; and, while sending a few of the
beautiful Kerrys (one of the most elegant of
the small breeds), relied chiefly on choice
specimens of Short horn cattle, and Leicester
and South Down sheep. The Short horns
astonished those who did not know that,
for some years past, Ireland has been
supplying the English cattle fairs with an
annually increasing number of choice animals
of this most profitable breed ; which, in its
European crosses, makes milk, butter, and
cheese ; which, in Australia, sturdily strides
away with plough or dray, and which, under
all circumstances, readily, early, and
economically fattens for the butcher. Here it is
worth remembering that less than a
century ago, English cattle-breeders were up
in arms against a free trade with Ireland,
lest it should let in the native long-horned,
thick-hided Irish breed to compete with our
graziers ; the wool-growers being equally
jealous of Irish sheep. One of Burke's crimes
with the intelligent electors of Bristol (whose
jealousy of foreigners endures to this day)
was his support of free trade in Irish live
stock. Now, our farmers would be badly off
without lean Irish cattle to turn their straw
and roots into manure, meat, and fat cattle
for the Liverpool and Manchester markets.

The great difference between the British
and the French department, was, that the
latter exhibited animals of perplexing variety
of breeds, none of them economical beef
makers ; the best of them — if we are to believe
French agricultural writers — being confined
to particular localities, cannot be
transplanted from their native pastures ; while the
British forwarded prime specimens of the sires
and dams, the ewes and rams, of the beef and
mutton to be found in our butchers' shops.
The French have plenty of fine dairy cattle.
French butter is second only to Flemish.
Among the large French breeds the finest
is the Normande, if it is a breed which
may be doubled. These large-boned animals,
fed on the fat pastures of their native
province, fill the dairy-maid's pail, and, as oxen
after ploughing honestly for an unlimited number
of years, are eventually made into what
the French call beef. By thirty years' constant
care, without cross-breeding, it is probable
that the Normande could be made a good
animal ; but, on the other hand, it is to be
remembered that landed property is divided
in France with every generation, and if not