of medicines were established. Extravagant
articles of apparel were blamed, and head-
dresses of pearls and gold ornaments were
disallowed.

When the Yuen dynasty, about six hundred
years ago, became masters of the throne, the
south of China had very bad times; but
during the times of the Ming dynasty,
China was very happy, and Canton became
a most wealthy and powerful city. It
suffered little by the conquest of the Tartars.
The new emperors changed almost nothing.
One of the Ming dynasty, however, Yung-
leih, sought to supersede the conquerors,
and the loyal people of Fuhkeën, Kwangsè,
and Kwangtung revolted against them.
The emperor sent an army composed of
Chinese and Tartars, commanded by two
Tartar officers, who had orders first to subdue,
then to remain and rule the southern
provinces. These were soon brought to
submission, but the city of Canton was
determined to resist; however, the city was at last
captured, by help of treason. The second in
command, Fan Chingan, plotted with the
enemy, and enabled them to enter. Many
rich people dug holes in the ground, and
deposited their treasures in earthen jars.
Several of them are found even now, in sinking
wells, or breaking up the old foundations
of houses and temples. Martin Martini, a
Jesuit, being at this time in the south of
China, describes the fall of Canton in these
words:

"This courage of the people of Canton
made the Tartars fall upon the resolution of
beating down the walls of the city with their
great cannon, which had such an effect that
they took it on the twenty-fourth of November,
sixteen hundred and fifty; and because
it was remarked that they gave to a prefect
of the city the same office he had before, it
was suspected that it was delivered by
treason. The next day they began to
plunder, and the sackage continued till the
fifth of December, in which they spared
neither man, woman, nor child; but all
whoever came in their way, were cruelly put to
the sword; nor was there heard any other
speech, but, ' kill, kill these barbarous rebels.'
Yet they spared some artificers to conserve
the necessary arts; as also some strong and
lusty men, such as they saw able to carry
away the pillage of the city. But, finally,
December sixth, came out an edict which
forbade all further vexation, after they had killed
a hundred thousand men, besides those that
perished in several ways during the siege."

A Chinese manuscript estimates the whole
number of slain during the siege and
plundering at no less than seven hundred thousand,
"every house was left desolate." The
Tartars took up their quarters in the old
city, where they still live, but where now is to
be seen only one house that was built before
the sack.

Having a native map of Canton before me, I
shall give the description of this city as it
was rebuilt. It is, as said before, situated on
the north bank of the Pearl River. That
part of the city which is inclosed by a wall
forms almost a square, and is divided by
another wall, running from east to west, into
two parts. The northern, called the old city,
is almost thrice as large as the southern part,
the new city.

Once the northern part was separated by
very high walls into three different towns;
but now there is no trace of this division. On.
the south side the wall runs parallel to the
river and distant from it about twenty rods.
On the north side the wall runs over hills,
and at the highest points its base may be two
hundred and fifty or three hundred feet above
the surface of the river. The entire circuit
of the wall cannot exceed seven or eight
English miles; for at a quick pace, the
distance may be walked in two hours. The
foundation of this wall, as well as the under
part, and the arches of the gates are of stone;
the rest are small, soft-textured bricks.
These walls are built almost perpendicularly,
and vary in height from twenty-five to nearly
forty feet; their thickness may be twenty-
five feet. At the north side they are the
highest and best in repair, but at the east
side they have become rather dilapidated by
the inroads of the elements. On the top of
the wall, round the whole city, a line of
battlements are raised, at intervals of a few
feet; and in the rear of them is a broad
pathway. The Chinese call these battlements
Ching-jin, literally, city-men.

The suburbs are scarcely less extensive, or
less populous than the enclosed city. On the
west they spread out, nearly in the form of a
long triangle, opening to the north-west,
having the river on the south, and the western
wall of the city on the east, for its two equal
sides. On the south, they occupy the whole
space between the wall and the river. On
the east they are much less extensive than on
the west; and on the north are no buildings,
except a few small huts near the principal
gate. At the south-east corner of the city in
the river, stands a small fort called the French
Folly; another similar fort, called the Dutch
Folly, stands further up the river, not very
far from the factories. Between these and
the last-mentioned fort are ledges of rocks;
which at low water are seen above the
surface. Beyond the foreign factories westward,
several small canals branch off into the
suburbs; but for a mile or two the river itself
is nearly straight.

At the south-east and south-west corner of
the city two wings stretch out from the main-
walls; to defend the narrow space between
the walls and ditches. Through each of these
is a gate. Twelve gates in the external
walls lead into the city; four others lead
through the wall, which separates the old and
the new city.

Among these Wooseën-mun is the Gate of